In the last 7-8 years (period of reforms) there appeared new forms of enterprises and organisations such as public stock companies (AO), limited companies (OOO), partnerships, private enterprises (IChP), etc. Their relative share both in the production and non-production spheres has been growing continually throughout these years. Thus, instead of 60 large state collective farms the agriculture now has over 2300 functioning agricultural producers (including over 600 private farms with more than 4000 employees).
Most important among enterprises with different forms of ownership in the sphere of material production are (see Tab. A-6.1):
agricultural objects;
trade, public catering, supplies, stock-piling, sales enterprises;
construction organisations;
industrial enterprises.
Table A-6.1.Employment structure in different municipalities of the Laningrad region
Number of employed
(1000 ind.) Total/Rural
Municipality
Total
Priozersky district
Vsevolozhsky district
Kirovsky district
Volkhovsky district
town of Volkhov
Lodejnopolsky district
Material production sphere (total)
16.4 12.0
28.4 9.4
19.3
8.9 5.7
16.5
9.3 2.7
98.8 29.8
industry
2.4 0.36
8.7 2.9
4.6
3.6
4.6
3.4 1.0
agriculture
5.5 5.5
7.0 3.4
3.2 0.18
2.0 3.1
0.2
1.2 1.2
construction
0.92 0.6
3.0 0.6
0.3
0.3 0.1
1.4
0.5
trade, public catering, supplies, stock-piling, sales
5.27 3.5
5.9 2.0
4.2
1.3 0.9
3.8
1.3 0.4
Non-production sphere
5.3 2.8
2.1 9.0
12.4
4.4 2.8
8.5
6.7 1.6
58.3 16.2
Total/rural
21.7 14.9
49.4 16.5
31.7
13.2 3.3
25.0
16.0 4.3
157 39
The data given in the Table allow to divide all municipalities into three groups:
with the dominant urban life style (Kirovsky district and the town of Volkhov);
with the dominant rural life style (Priozersky and Lodejnopolsky districts);
mixed type (Volkhovsky and Vsevolozhsky districts).
On the other hand, unwise privatization of industrial enterprises, broken economic links caused the industrial and agricultural output volumes to drop by more than 40% in the same period, which resulted in unemployment.
The official level of unemployment (percent of economically active population of the municipalities) as of 0.01.98 ranged from 1.3% (Vsevolozhsky district) to 8.8.% (Volkhovsky district), with a notable upward tendency among the rural population. Percent of able-bodied population is about 57% (21.2% for rural population). The ratio of employees of the material production and non-production spheres ranges from 4:1 (Kirovsky district) to 1.4:1 (Vsevolozhsky district).
However, official data does not count so called hidden unemployment, when workers are still on the list at the enterprises but not getting paid salaries. The real level of unemployment (including the numbers for hidden unemployment) seems to be several times higher than officially stated, though, no special investigation has been made into this subject.
